In a skillet over medium heat, toast the dried chiles for about 2-3 minutes until fragrant, stirring frequently to avoid burning.
Remove from heat and soak the chiles in hot water for 15-20 minutes until softened. Drain and place in a blender with 1 cup of beef broth, blending until smooth.
In a large pot or Dutch oven, heat the vegetable oil over medium-high heat. Add the beef cubes in batches, browning them on all sides. Remove the beef and set aside.
In the same pot, add the chopped onion and cook until translucent, about 5 minutes. Stir in the minced garlic and cook for an additional minute until fragrant.
Return the browned beef to the pot. Pour in the blended chile mixture, remaining beef broth, cumin, oregano, salt, black pepper, apple cider vinegar, and brown sugar. Stir to combine.
Bring the mixture to a simmer, then reduce heat to low. Cover and cook for 2-3 hours, or until the beef is tender, stirring occasionally. If the sauce becomes too thick, add a little more beef broth or water.
Serve hot with rice, tortillas, or over mashed potatoes.